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Laga, Carl: ‘Judaism and Jews in Maximus Confessor’s Works: Theoretical Controversy and Practical Attitude’ (Byzantioslavica 51,1990).

Lammens, Henri: Etudes sur le Regne du Calife Omaiyade Mo’awia Ier (Paris, 1908).

Ibid. Fatima et les Filles de Mahomet (Rome, 1912).

Ibid. La Mecque ä la Veille de l’Hegire (Beirut, 1924).

Leaman, Oliver (ed.): The Qur’an: An Encyclopedia (London, 2006).

Leites, Adrien: ‘Sira and the Question of Tradition’, in Motzki 2000.

Lester, Toby: ‘What is the Koran?’ (Atlantic Monthly, January 1999).

Levene, Dan: “…and by the Name of Jesus…”: An Unpublished Magic Bowl in Jewish Aramaic’ (Jewish Studies Quarterly 6, 1999).

Lieu, Samuel N. C: Manicheism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China (Tubingen, 1992).

Lings, Martin: Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (London, 1983) Little, Lester K.: Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750 (Cambridge, 2007).

Liiling, Gunter: A Challenge to Islam for Reformation: The Rediscovery and Reliable Reconstruction of a Comprehensive Pre-Islamic Christian Hymnal

Hidden in the Koran under Earliest Islamic Reinterpretations (Delhi, 2003) Luttwak, Edward N.: The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, Mass., 2009).

Luxenberg, Christoph: The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran (Berlin, 2007).

Maas, Michael: John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian (London, 1992).

Ibid. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2005).

MacCulloch, Diarmaid: A History of Christianity (London, 2009).

MacMullen, Ramsay: Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries (New Haven, 1997).

Mango, Cyril: Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London, 1980).

Ibid. Studies on Constantinople (Aldershot, 1993).

Ibid. Le Developpement urbain de Constantinople (IV–VII Siecles) (Paris, 2004).

Manzoor, Pervez S.: ‘Method against Truth: Orientalism and Qur’anic Studies’ (Muslim World Book Review 7, 1987).

Margoliouth, J. P: Supplement to the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, S.T.P. (Oxford, 1927).

Markus, R. A.: The End of Ancient Christianity (Cambridge, 1990).

Marsham, Andrew: Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire (Edinburgh, 2009).

Mason, Steve: ‘Jews, Judeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History’ (Journal for the Study of Judaism 38, 2007).

Mathisen, Ralph W.: ‘Peregrtni, Barbari, and Cives Romani: Concepts of Citizenship and the Legal Identity of Barbarians in the Later Roman Empire’ (American Historical Review 111, 2006).

Mathisen Ralph W. and Sivan, Hagith S.: Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot, 1996).

Matthews, John: The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London, 1989).

McAuliffe, Jane Dämmen (ed.): Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an (5 vols) (Leiden, 2001–2006).

Ibid, (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’an (Cambridge, 2006).

McCormick, Michael: Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West (Cambridge, 1986).

Ibid. ‘Bateaux de vie, bateaux de mort: Maladie, commerce, transports annonaires et le passage economique du Bas-Empire au Moyen Age’, in Morfologie Sociali e Culturali in Europa fra Tarda Antichita e Alto Medioevo, ed. Centro Italiano di Studi Sull’Alto Medioevo (Spoleto, 1998).

Ibid. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900 (Cambridge, 2001).

Meyers, Eric M. (ed.): Galilee Through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (Winona Lake, 1999).

Milik, J. T.: ’Inscriptions Grecques et Nabateennes de Rawwfah’ (Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 10, 1971).

Millar, Fergus: ‘Hagar, Ishmael, Josephus and the Origins of Islam’ (Journal of Jewish Studies 44,1993) Minorsky, V.: Iramca (Hartford, 1964).

Misaka, T. (ed.): Monarchies and Socio-Religious Traditions in the Ancient Near East (Wiesbaden, 1984).

Moorhead, John: Theodoric in Italy (Oxford, 1973).

Morimoto, Kosei: The Fiscal Administration of Egypt in the Early Islamic Period (Dohosha, 1981).

Morony, Michael G.: Iraq after the Muslim Conquest (Princeton, 1984).

Ibid. ‘”For Whom Does the Writer Write?”: The First Bubonic Plague Pandemic According to Syriac Sources’, in Little.

Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz and al-Sayyid, Ridwan: The Idea of the Jihad in Islam before the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (Washington, 2001).

Motzki, Harald: ‘The Prophet and the Cat: On Dating Malik’s Muwatta and Legal Traditions’ (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 22, 1998).

Ibid, (ed-): The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Leiden, 2000).

Ibid. The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools, trans. Marion H. Katz (Leiden, 2002).

Ibid, (ed.): Hadith: Origins and Developments (Trowbridge, 2008).

Mourad, Suleiman A: ‘From Hellenism to Christianity and Islam: The Origin of the Palm Tree Story Concerning Mary and Jesus in the Gospel of Pseudo – Matthew and the Qur’an’ (Oriens Christians 86, 2002).

Myers, Eric M. (ed.): Galilee through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (Winona Lake, 1999).

Nebes, Norbert: ‘The Martyrs of Najran and the End of the Himyar: On the Political History of South Arabia in the Early Sixth Century’, in Neuwirth, Sinai and Marx Nees,

Lawrence: Early Medieval Art (Oxford, 2002).

Neusner, Jacob: A History of the Jews in Babylonia (5 vols) (Leiden, 1960–1970).

Ibid. Talmudic Judaism in Sasanian Babylonia: Essays and Studies (Leiden, 1976).

Ibid. Israel’s Politics in Sasanian Iran: Jewish Self-Government in Talmudic Times (Lanham, 1986).

Ibid. Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism in Talmudic Babylonia (Lanham, 1986).

Ibid. In the Aftermath of Catastrophe: Founding Judaism, 70 to 640 (Montreal, 2009).

Neuwirth, Angelika: ‘Qur’an and History – a Disputed Relationship: Some Reflections on Qur’anic History and History in the Qur’an’ (Journal of Quranic Studies 5, 2003).

Neuwirth, Angelika, Sinai, Nicolai and Marx, Michael (eds): The Qur’an in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’anic Milieu (Leiden, 2010).

Nevo, Yehuda D.: ‘Towards a Prehistory of Islam’ (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 17, 1994).

Nevo, Yehuda D. and Koren, Judith: Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab State (New York, 2003).

Newby, Gordon Darnell: The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad (Columbia, 1989).

Noth, Albrecht: ‘Abgrenzungsprobleme zwischen Muslimen und Nicht – Muslimen: Die “Bedingungen ‘Umars (as-surut al-’umartyya)” unter einem anderen Aspekt gelesen’ (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 9, 1987).

Ibid. The Early Arabic Historical Tradition, trans. Michael Bonner (Princeton, 1994).

O’Donnell, James: ‘Late Antiquity: Before and After’ (Transactions of the American Philological Association 134, 2004).

Ibid. The Rum of the Roman Empire: A New History (New York, 2008) Ohlig, Karl-Heinz and Puin, Gerd-R.: The Hidden Origins of Islam: New Research into its Early History (New York, 2010).

The Oracle of Baalbek: in Alexander, Paul J.: The Oracle of Baalbek: The Tiburtine Sibyl in Greek Dress (Washington D. C, 1967).

Ory, S.: ‘Aspects religieux des textes epigraphiques du debut de l’lslam’ (Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranee 58, 1990)

Padwick, C.: Muslim Devotions (London, 1961).

Palmer, Andrew; Brock, Sebastian P.; Hoyland, Robert G.: The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993).

Parker, Philips: The Empire. Stops Here: A Journey along the Frontiers of the Roman World (London, 2009).

Parker, S. T.: Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier (Winona Lake, 1986).

Parkes, James: The Conflict of the Church and Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Anti– Semitism (London, 1934).

Parsons, Peter: City of the Sharp-Nosed Fish: Creek Lives in Roman Egypt (London, 2007).

Patai, Raphael: Ignaz Goldziher and His Oriental Diary: A Translation and Psychological Portrait (Detroit, 1987).

Pazdernik, C.: ’Our Most Pious Consort Given us bv God: Dissident Reactions to the Partnership of Justinian and Theodora, ad 525–548’ (Classical Antiquity 13, 1994).

Peters, F. E.: ’Who Built the Dome of the Rock?’ (Graeco Arabica 1, 1982).

Ibid. ’The Commerce of Mecca before Islam’, in A Way Prepared: Essays on Islamic Culture in Honor of Richard Bayly Winder (New York and London, 1988).

Ibid. ’The Quest of the Historical Muhammad’ (International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, 1991).

Ibid. Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (New York, 1994a).

Ibid. The Hajj: the Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places (Princeton, 1994b).

Ibid. The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (Aldershot, 1999).

Petersen, Erling Ladewig: Ah and Mu’awiya in Early Arabic Tradition: Studies on the Genesis and Growth of Islamic Historical Writing until the End of the Ninth Century (Copenhagen, 1964).

Philonenko, Marc: ‘Une Tradition essenienne dans le Coran’ (Revue de FHtstoire des Religions 170, 1966).

Pigulevskaja, Nina: Les Villes de I’etat Iramen aux Epoques Parthe et Sassanide (Paris, 1963).

Pines, Shlomo: ‘The Jewish Christians of the Early Centuries of Christianity According to a New Source’ (Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 2, 1968).

Potter, David S.: The Roman Empire at Bay, ad 180–395 (London, 2004) Pourshariati, Parvaneh: ‘Local Histories of Khurasan and the Pattern of Arab Settlement’ (Studia Iranica 27, 1998).

Ibid. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian– Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2008).

Premare, Alfred-Louis de: “Abd al-Malik b. Marwan and the Process of the Qur’an’s Composition’, in Ohlig and Puin.

Pummer, Reinhard: Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism (Tubingen, 2002).

Rabbat, Nasser: The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock’ (Muqarnas 6, 1989).

Raby, Julian and Johns, Jeremy (eds): Bayt Al-Maqdis: ‘Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem (Oxford, 1992).

Rahman, Fazlur: Islamic Methodology in History (Karachi, 1965).

Ibid. Major Themes of the Qur’an (Chicago, 1980).

Ibid. ‘Some Recent Books on the Qur’an by Western Authors’ (Journal of Religion 61, 1984).

Ramadan, Tariq: The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad (Oxford, 2007).

Rautman, Marcus: Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire (Westport, 2006).

Regnier, A.: ‘Quelques Enigmes litteraires de l’lnspiration coranique’ (Le Museon 52, 1939).

Reinink, Gerrit J.: ‘Die Enstehung der syrischen Alexanderlegende als politisch-religiose Propagandaschrift für Herkleios’ Kirchenpolitik’, in After Chalcedon: Studies in Theology and Church History, ed. C. Laga, J. A. Munitiz and L. Van Rompay (Leuven, 1985).

Ibid. The Beginnings of Syriac Apologetic Literature in Response to Islam’ (Oriens Christians 77, 1993).

Ibid. ‘Heraclius, the New Alexander: Apocalyptic Prophecies’, in Reinink and Stolte.

Reinink, Gerrit J. and Stolte, Bernard H.: The Reign of Heraclius (610–641): Crisis and Confrontation (Leuven, 2002).

Rekavandi, Hamid Omrani, Sauer, Eberhard, Wilkinson, Tony and Nokandeh, Jebrael: The Enigma of the Red Snake: Revealing One of the World’s Greatest Frontier Walls’ (Current World Archaeology 27, 2008).

Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.): The Qur’an in its Historical Context (Abingdon, 2008).

Rippin, Andrew: ‘Literary Analysis of Qur’an, Tafsir and Sira: The Methodologies of John Wansbrough’, in Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, ed. Richard C. Martin (Tucson, 1985).

Ibid, (ed.): Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qur’an (Oxford, 1988).

Ibid. Muslims, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London, 1991).

Ibid. ‘Muhammad in the Qur’an: Reading Scripture in the 21st Century’, in Motzki 2000.

Ibid. The Qur’an and its Interpretative Tradition (Aldershot, 2001).

Ibid, (ed.): The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an (Oxford, 2009).

Robinson, Chase F.: Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, 2003).

Ibid. The Conquest of Khuzistan: A Historiographical Reassessment’ (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67, 2004).

Ibid. Abd al-Malik (Oxford, 2005).

Rodinson, Maxime: Mohammed, trans. Anne Carter (New York, 1971).

Rogerson, Barnaby: The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography (London, 2003) Rosen, William: Justinian’s Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe (New York, 2007).

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam: The Early Islamic Monuments of Al-Haram Al-Sharif: An Iconographic Study (Jerusalem, 1989).

Rostovzeff, M. I.: The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1957).

Rouwhorst, Gerard: ‘Jewish Liturgical Traditions in Early Syriac Christianity’ (Vigiliae Christianae 51, 1997).

Roziewicz, M.: ‘Graeco-Islamic Elements at Kom el Dikka in the Light of New Discoveries: Remarks on Early Mediaeval Alexandria’ (Graeco Arabica 1, 1982).

Rubin, Uri: The “Constitution of Medina”: Some Notes’ (Studia Islamica 62, 1985).

Ibid. ‘Hanifiyya and Ka’ba. An Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic Background of Din Ibrahim’ (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 13, 1990).

Ibid. The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (Princeton, 1995).

Ibid, (ed.): The Life of Muhammad (Aldershot, 1998).

Rubin, Zeev: The Mediterranean and the Dilemma of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity’ (Mediterranean Historical Review 1, 1986).

Ibid. The Reforms of Khusro Anushirwan’, in Cameron 1995.

Ruether, Rosemary Radford: ‘Judaism and Christianity: Two Fourth-Century Religions’ (Sciences Religieuses Studies in Religion 2, 1972).

Russell, James C.: The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity: A Sociohistorical Approach to Religious Transformation (Oxford, 1994).

Russell, Josiah C.: That Earlier Plague’ (Demography 5, 1968).

Rutgers, L. V.: ’Archaeological Evidence for the Interaction of Jews and Non– Jews in Antiquity’ (American Journal of Archeology 96, 1992).

Ryckmans, G.: ’Dhu ’l-Shara’ in Encyclopaedia of Islam Saadi, Abdul-Massih: ’The Letter of John of Sedreh: A New Perspective on Nascent Islam’ (Karmo 1, 1999).

Sachot, Maurice: ’Comment le Christianisme est-il devenu religio?’ (Revues des Sciences Religieuses 59, 1985).

Saleh, Walid: ’In Search of a Comprehensible Qur’an: A Survey of Some Recent Scholarly Works’ (Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 5, 2003).

Ibid. The Etymological Fallacy and Quranic Studies: Muhammad, Paradise and Late Antiquity’ (http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Walid_Saleh.pdf).

Sand, Shlomo: The Invention of the Jewish People (London, 2009).

Sarris, Peter: Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2006) Schacht, Joseph: ‘A Reevaluation of Islamic Tradition’ (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1949).

Ibid. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, 1950).