Цивилизации - Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо

395

Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, trans. H. Mattingly and S. A. Handford (London, 1970), pp. 104–105.

396

Ibid., pp. 114–115.

397

Ibid., pp. 104–105, 114–115, 121.

398

D. J. Herlihy, ‘Attitudes towards Environment in Medieval Society’, в книге Bilsky, ed., op. cit., pp. 100-16, особ. p. 103.

399

Verona in eta gotica e langobarda (Verona, 1982).

400

Needham, op. cit., p. 562.

401

Panovsky, p. 67.

402

R. Bechmann, Les Racines des cathedrales: Гarchitecture gothique, expression des conditions du milieu (Paris, 1981), pp. 141–142.

403

G. H. Pertz and R. Корке, eds, Herbordi Dialogue de Vita Ottonis Episcopi Babergensis (Hanover, 1868), pp. 59–60.

404

R. Bartlett, Gerald of Wales (Oxford, 1982), p. 165.

405

J. Veillard, Le Guide du pelerin (Macon, 1950), pp. 26, 28, 32.

406

G. W. Greenaway, Arnold of Brescia (Cambridge, 1931); J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan, eds, The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, xiii: Five Books on Consideration: Advice to a Pope (Kalamazoo, 1976), p. 111.

407

S. A. Zenkovsky, ed., The Nikonian Chronicle from the Year 1132 to 1240, vol. ii (Princeton, 1984), p. 5.

408

M. Tikomirov, The Towns of Ancient Rus (Moscow, 1959), pp. 220–222; S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence ofRus, 750-1200 (London, 1996), p. 283, 343–345; H. Bimbaum, Lord Novgorod the Great (Columbus, 1981), pp. 45, 77. M. W. Thompson, Novgorod the Great: Excavations in the Medieval City (1967); S. Franklin, ‘Literacy and Documentation in Early Medieval Russia’ в Speculum, lx (1985), 1—38.

409

R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, 1993), p. 133.

410

Matarasso, ed., op. cit., pp. 287–290.

411

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 195–210.

412

Schama, op. cit., p. 96.

413

Очевидно, имеется в виду кинокомедия Винсента Минелли.

414

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (tr. F. Rosenthal, 3 vols (Princeton, 1967), vol. I, p. 71).

415

L. M. Serpenti, Cultivators in the Swamps (Amsterdam, 1977).

416

Ibid., p. 10.

417

Ibid., p. 7.

418

Ibid., pp. 21–62.

419

R. S. MacNeish, ‘The Origins of New World Civilization’, Scientific American, (1964).

420

L. Scheie, ‘The Olmec Mountains and Tree of Creation in Mesoamerican Cosmology’ в книге M. D. Coe et al., The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership (Princeton, 1995), pp. 105–117, особ. p. 106.

421

N. Hammond, ‘Cultura hermana: Reappraising the Olmec’, Quarterly Review of Archaeology, ix (1991), pp. 1–4.

422

E. P. Beson and B. de la Fuente, eds, Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (Washington, DC, 1996), cat. no. 1, pp. 154–155.

423

Ibid., cat. 42, p. 205, cat. 60–71, pp. 226–229; Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 170–176; P. T. Furst, ‘The Olmec Were-Jaguar Motif in the Light of Ethnographic Reality’, в книге E. P. Benson, ed., Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec (Washington, 1968), pp. 143–174.

424

F. K. Reilly, ‘Art, Ritual and Rulership in the Olmec World’, в книге Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 27–45, особ. p. 35.

425

E.g. P. T. Furst, ‘Shamanism, Transformation and Olmec Art’, ibid., pp. 68–81.

426

W. Ralegh, The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana with a Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1848), p. 11. Написание исправлено.

427

J. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 2 vols (Norman, 1962), vol. i, pp. 85–86.

428

Приведено у Coedes, p. 54.

429

J. Miskic, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddha (Boston, 1990), p. 17.

430

Обзор проблемы плодородности тропических лесов см. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest: an Ecological Study (London, 1979).

431

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The Times Atlas of World Exploration (London, 1991), p. 133; A. Rossel and R. Herve, eds, Le Mappemonde de Sebastien Cabot (Paris, 1968).

432

G. de Carvajal et al., La aventura del Amazonas, ed. R. Diaz (Madrid, 1986), pp. 47–67.

433

Разница между «сладкой» и высокотоксичной «горькой» формами растения в степени. Е. Moran, ‘Food, Development and Man in the Tropics’ в книге M. Amott, ed., Gastronomy (The Hague, 1975), p. 173; использование маниока в наше время описано в Е. Carmichael et al., The Hidden Peoples of the Amazon (London, 1985), p. 61.

434

B. J. Meggers, Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise (Chicago, 1971), p. 30.

435

D. Lathrap, The Upper Amazon (New York, 1970), p. 44.

436

G. Edmundson, ed., journal of the Travels and Labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons between 1686 and 1723 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1922), pp. 50–51. В этой и следующей цитатах перевод слегка модифицирован.

437

Ibid., р. 61.

438

Кассава — разновидность маниока, так называемый «маниок полезнейший».

439

Meggers, op. cit., pp. 19–21.

440

W. Balee, ‘The Culture of the Amazonian Forest’ в книге D. A. Posey and W. Balee, eds, Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies (New York, 1989), pp. 1-16.

441

L. Scheie and M. Miller, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art (New York, 1986), pp. 64–65, 157.

442

Ibid., pp. 122–125, 175–199; W. Fash, Scribes, Warriors and Kings: the City of Cop an and the Ancient Maya (London, 1991).

443

К. O. Pope and В. H. Dahlin, ‘Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: New Insights from Ecological and Remote Sensing Research’, Journal of Field Archaeology, xvi (1989), pp. 87-106.

444

M. D. Coe, Breaking the Maya Code (London, 1992), pp. 179–191.

445

J. Marcus, Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth and History in Four Ancient Civilizations (Princeton, 1992).

446

G. Michel, The Rulers ofTikal: a Historical Reconstruction and Field Guide to the Stelae (Guatemala, 1989), pp. 31–38, 77–90.

447

Ibid., pp. 53–56, 116–122.

448

E. Manikka, Angkor Wat: Time, Space, Kingship (Honolulu, 1996), p. 159.

449

Ibid., p. 23.

450

Ibid., p. 51.

451

J. Mirsky, Chinese Travellers in the Middle Ages (London, 1968), pp. 203–215.

452

G. Coedes, Angkor: an Introduction (London, 1963), pp. 104–105.

453

Ibid., p. 96.

454

Ibid., p. 86.

455

Ramacandra Kaulacara, Silpa Prakasa, trans A. Boner and S. Rath Sarma (Leiden, 1966), p. xxxiii; отрывок в Manikka, op. cit., p. 8.

456

Ibid., p. 42.

457

Ibid., p. 46.

458

G. Coedes, The Indianised States of South-east Asia (London, 1968), p. 173.

459

A. F. С. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897 (New York, 1969), plate 2(a).

460

K. Ezra, Royal Art of Benin: the Peris Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1992), pp. 9, 117.

461

Ryder, op. cit., p. 70.

462

Ezra, op. cit., p. 118.

463

G. Connah, The Archaeology of Benin: Excavations and Other Researches in and around Benin City, Nigeria (Oxford, 1975), p. 105.

464

Ryder, op. cit., pp. 12–14, 72.

465

P. J. C. Dark, An Introduction to Benin Art and Technology (Oxford, 1973), p. 102 and pi. 56, ill. 19.

466

Ibid., p. 100 and pi. 46, ill. 98.

467

Ryder, op. cit., pp. 31–33, 37, 84–85, 234–235,

468

Ibid., p. 206.

469

Ibid., pp. 17–18.

470

R. Home, City of Blood Revisited (London, 1982), pp. 36, 43–47.

471

Ibid., pp. ix-x.

472

A. Waley, The Book of Songs (p. 162).

473

Jack R. Harlan, Crops and Men (Madison, 1992, p. 8).

474

Н. Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948), p. 274.

475

K. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: a Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, 1957).

476

Кажется, нет конца этой работе, подтверждающей реальность проблемы, сформулированной таким образом, насколько мне известно, впервые в L. R. В inford, ‘Post-Pleistocene Adaptions’ в книге S. R. and L. R. Binford, eds, New Perspectives in Archaeology (Chicago, 1968), pp. 313–341 and M. D. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (Chicago, 1972), особенно pp. 1-39.

477

Этот взгляд неразрывно связан с V. G. Childe, The Neolithic Revolution (New York, 1925); cm. J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet and A. Stemler, Origins of African Plant Domestication (The Hague, 1976), pp. 1–5.

478

S. J. Fiedel, Prehistory of the Americas (New York, 1987), p. 162.

479

В. M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: the Peopling of Our World (London, 1990), p. 225.

480

W. H. McNeill, The Human Condition: an Ecological and Historical View (Princeton, 1980), pp. 19–20.

481

J. L. Angell, ‘Health as crucial factor in the changes from Hunting to developed Farming in the Eastern Mediterranean’, в книге М. N. Cohen and G. J. Armelagos, eds, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (New York, 1984), pp. 51–73; T. Taylor, The Prehistory of Sex (London, 1996).

482

T. D. Price and J. A. Brown, ‘Aspects of Hunter-gatherer Complexity’, в книге Prehistoric Hunter-gatherers (New York, 1985); L. H. Keeley, War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford, 1996); J. Haas, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, 1990).

483