Как избежать климатических катастроф?: План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

39

Оценка сделана автором на основании приведенных выше данных по Китаю и Индии, а также по другим странам, в частности Саудовской Аравии и Пакистану, где водные поверхности сокращаются вследствие чрезмерного забора воды.

40

FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008 (Rome: 2009), p. 7; Ransom A. Mayers and Boris Worm, “Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities”, Nature, vol. 432 (15 May 2003), pp. 280–283.

41

Речь, произнесенная Полом Хокеном 3 мая 2009 г. перед студентами университета г. Портленд, штат Орегон: Paul Hawken, “Commencement Address to the Class of 2009”.

42

Eric Pfanner, “Failure Brings Call for Tougher Standards: Accounting for Enron: Global Ripple Effects”, International Herald Tribune, 17 January 2002.

43

Nicholas Stern, The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (London: HM Treasury, 2006).

44

DOE, EIA, “Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices” — см.: tonto.eia. doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_nus_w.htm, просмотрено автором 5 июня 2009 г.

45

International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), The Real Cost of Gasoline: An Analysis of the Hidden External Costs Consumers Pay to Fuel Their Automobiles (Washington, DC: 1998); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change (Washington, DC: September 2004); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services (Washington, DC: January 2005); Terry Tamminen, Lives Per Gallon: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006), p. 60, adjusted to 2007 prices with Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 3 — Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Purchase”, GDP and Other Major Series, 1929–2007 (Washington, DC: August 2007); DOE, op. cit. note 44.

46

Munich Re, Topics Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2001 (Munich, Germany: 2002), pp. 16–17; стоимость урожаев пшеницы и риса в Китае взята из публикации USDA, op. cit. note 6, обновлена 12 июля 2007 г. на основании цен, взятых в электронной базе данных: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics — см.: ifs. apdi.net/imf.

47

“Forestry Cuts Down on Logging”, China Daily, 26 May 1998; Erik Eckholm, “China Admits Ecological Sins Played Role in Flood Disaster”, New York Times, 26 August 1998.

48

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, July/August 2005, pp. 56–65.

49

Там же.

50

Lydia Polgreen, “In Congo, Hunger and Disease Erode Democracy”, New York Times, 23 June 2006; International Rescue Committee, Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis (New York: January 2008), p. ii; Lydia Polgreen, “Hundreds Killed Near Chad’s Border With Sudan”, New York Times, 14 November 2006; “A Falling State: The Himalayan Kingdom Is a Gathering Menace”, The Economist, 4 December 2004.

51

“The Indian Ocean: The Most Dangerous Seas in the World”, The Economist, 17 July 2008; U. N. Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2009 (Vienna: June 2009), p. 34; Ania Lichtarowica, “Conquering Polio’s Last Frontier”, BBC News, 2 August 2007.

52

Neil MacFarquhar, “Haity’s Woes Are Top Test for Aid Efforts”, New York Times, 31 March 2009; U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook — см.: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook, updated 26 June 2009; Madeleine K. Albright and Robin Cook, “The World Needs to Step It Up in Afganistan”, International Herald Tribune, 5 October 2004; Desmond Butler, “5-Year Hunt Fails to Net Qaeda Suspect in Africa”, New York Times, 14 June 2003; Emilio San Pedro, “U. S. Ready to Aid Mexico Drug Fight”, BBC News, 2 March 2009.

53

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, July/August issues, 2005–2009.

54

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, July/August 2007, pp. 54–63; Table 1–1 from Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, July/August 2009, pp. 80–93.

55

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, op. cit. note 53.

56

U. N. Population Division, op. cit note 5; Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, July/August 2009, op. cit. note 54; Richard Cincotta and Elizabeth Leahy, “Population Age Structure and Its Relation to Civil Conflict: A Graphic Metric”, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Environmental Change and Security Program Report, vol. 12 (2006–2007), pp. 55–58.

57

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, July/August 2009, op. cit. note 54.

58

Там же: U. N. Population Division, op. cit note 5.

59

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, July/August 2009, op. cit. note 54; U. N. Population Division, op. cit note 5.

60

Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, July/August 2009, op. cit. note 54; U. N.World Food Programme, op. cit. note 26.

61

Financial Times, op. cit. note 21; Carolyn Said, “Nothing Flat about Tortilla Prices: Some in Mexico Cost 60 Percent More, Leading to a Serious Struggle for Low-Income People”, San Francisco Chronicle, 13 January 2007; Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa al-Omrani, “Egypt: Rising Food Costs Provoke Fights Over Subsidised Bread”, Inter Press Service, 26 March 2008; Raphael Minder, John Aglionby, and Jung-a-Song, “Soaring Soybean Price Stirs Anger Among Poor”, Financial Times, 18 January 2008; Joseph Delva and Jim Loney, “Haiti’s Government Falls after Food Riots”, Reuters, 12 April 2008.

62

Keith Bradsher, “High Rice Cost Creating Fears of Asian Unrest”, New York Times, 29 March 2008; Kamran Haider, “Pakistani Troops Escort Wheat Trucks to Stop Theft”, Reuters, 13 January 2008; Nadeem Sarwar, “Pakistan’s Poor, Musharraf Reeling Under Wheat Crisis”, Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 January 2008; Carlotta Gall, “Hunger and Food Prices Push Afganistan to Brink”, New York Times, 16 May 2008; U. N. World Food Programme, “Almost 6 Million Sudanese Await WFP Support in 2009” — см.: www.wfp.org, 5 March 2009.

63

Документ ООН “Операции ООН по поддержанию мира», доклад — см.: www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/bnote.htm, просмотрено автором 8 июня 2009 г.; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO in Afganistan” — см.: www.nato.int/issues/Afganistan/index.html, updated 27 March 2009.

64

U. N. World Food Programme, op. cit. note 26.

65

Stephanie McCrummen, “In an Eastern Congo Oasis, Blood amid the Greenery”, Washington Post, 22 July 2007.

66

U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 5.

67

Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy in World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 13: Alan L. Gropman, Mobilizing U. S. Industry in World War II (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, August 1996); Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time — Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 316.

68

U. N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, Extended Dataset, CD-ROM (New York: 9 April 2009).

69

CalCars, “All About Plug-In Hybrids” — см.: www.calcars.org, просмотрено автором 9 июня 2009 г.; General Motors, “Imagine: A Daily Commute Without Using a Drop of Gas” — см.: www.chevrolet.com/ electriccar, просмотрено автором 8 августа 2008 г.

70

Larry Kinney, Lighting Systems in Southwestern Homes: Problems and Opportunities, prepared for DOE, Building America Program through the Midwest Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Division (Boulder, CO: Southwest Energy Efficiency Project, June 2005, pp. 4–5; CREE LED Lighting, Ultra-Efficient Lighting” — см.: www.creelighting. com/efficiency.htm, просмотрено автором 17 апреля 2009 г.

71

Сведения о Дании взяты из публикации Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) “Interactive World Map” — см.: www.gwec.net/index. php? id=126, просмотрено автором 29 мая 2009 г., и из статьи: Flemming Hansen, “Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50 % by 2025, Mostly Offshore”, Renewable Energy Access, 5 December 2006; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report (Brussels: 2009), p. 13. Данные о потреблении электроэнергии, произведенной на ветровых станциях, в расчете на душу населения в Европе взяты из публикации European Wind Energy Association, “Wind Power on Course to Become Major European Energy Source by the End of the Decade”, press release (Brussels: 22 November 2004); данные о нагревании воды с помощью солнечной энергии в Китае взяты из публикации: Werner Weiss, Irene Bergmann, and Roman Stelzer, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2007 (Gleisdorf, Austria: International Energy Agency, Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, May 2009), p. 20; данные по Исландии взяты из публикации: Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland (Reykjavik: April 2006), p. 16; доля электричества рассчитана Earth Policy Institute на основе данных об установленных мощностях, опубликованных в статье: Ruggero Bertani, «World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, GHC Bulletin, September 2007, p. 9; коэффициент использования мощностей взят из статьи: Ingvar B. Fridleifsson et al., “The Possible Role and Contribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of Climate Change, опубликованной в сборнике: O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, eds., IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings (Luebeck, Germany: 20–25 January 2008), p. 5; данные о совокупном производстве электричества взяты из публикации “World Total Net Electricity Generation, 1980–2005” в сборнике International Energy Annual 2005 (Washington, DC: 13 September 2007), изданном министерством энергетики США и Американским инженерным институтом.

72

Se-Kyung Chong, “Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A Millennium of Management” — в книге: Patrick B. Durst et al., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2005), pp. 251–259; Daniel Hellerstein, “USDA Land Retirement Programs” — см. в публикации: USDA, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators 2006 (Washington, DC: July 2006); USDA, ERS, Agri-Environmental Policy at the Crossroads: Guideposts on a Changing Landscape, Agricultural Economic Report No. 794 (Washington, DC: January 2001); USDA, op. cit. note 6.

73

Molly O’Meara, Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet, Worldwatch Paper 147 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, June 1999), p. 47; City of Amsterdam, “Bike Capital of Europe” — см. www.toamsterdam. nl, просмотрено автором 2 июля 2009 г.; Serge Schmemann, “I Love Paris on a Bus, a Bike, a Train and in Anything but a Car”, New York Times, 26 July 2007; Transport for London, Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring (London: various years).