Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале
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График, демонстрирующий рекламные доходы американских газет в период 1950–2015 гг., см. в: Mark J. Perry, “US Newspaper Advertising Revenue: Adjusted for Inflation, 1950 to 2015,” American Enterprise Institute: Carpe Diem, June 16, 2016, http://www.aei.org/pub-lication/thursday-night-links-ю/. Исследование, показывающее, какая доля сетевых рекламных доходов была отнята у медиа и перешла к цифровым посредникам, см. в: PricewaterhouseCoopers, ISBA Programmatic Supply Chain Transparency Study (2020).
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Anthony Nadler, Matthew Crain, and Joan Donovan, Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine: The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech (New York: Data & Society, 2018), https://datasociety.net/output/weaponizing-the-digital-influence-machine/; Whitney Phillips, The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators (New York: Data & Society, 2018), https://datasociety.net/ wp-content/uploads/2018/o5/FULLREPORT_Oxygen_of_Ampli-fication_DS.pdf; Martin Moore, Democracy Hacked: Political Turmoil and Information Warfare in the Digital Age (London: Oneworld, 2018).
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Philip N. Howard, Lie Machines: How to Save Democracy from Troll Armies, Deceitful Robots, Junk News Operations, and Political Operatives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020); Siva Vaidhyanathan, Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
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Bence Kollanyi, Philip N. Howard, and Samuel C. Woolley, “Bots and Automation over Twitter During the Second U. S. Presidential Debate,” COMPROP Data Memo, October 19, 2016, http://politicalbots. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/io/Data-Memo-Second-Presidential-Debate.pdf.
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Mark Andrejevic, Automated Media (New York: Routledge, 2019), 62.
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Актуальное отношение между журналистами и ИИ профессионально проанализировано в: Nicholas Diakopolous, Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019).
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Реформы, предлагаемые мной, помогут большинству других создателей контента находить сетевую аудиторию, в том числе предпринимателям. В этой главе основное внимание уделяется автоматизации медиа.
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Amanda Taub and Max Fisher, “Where Countries Are Tinderboxes and Facebook Is a Match,” New York Times, April 21, 2018, htt-ps://www. nytimes.com/2018/o4/21/world/asia/facebook-sri-lanka-riots.html; Damian Tambini, “Fake News: Public Policy Responses,” London School of Economics Media Policy Brief No. 20, March 2017, http://eprints.lse.ac.Uk/73015/1/LSE%20MPP%20P0licy%20 Brief%2020%20-%20Fake%20news_final.pdf.
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Stephan Russ-Mohl, “Bots, Lies and Propaganda: The New Misinformation Economy,” European Journalism Observatory, October 20, 2016, https://en.ejo.ch/latest-stories/bots-lies-and-propaganda-the-new-misinformation-economy; Carole Cadwalladr, “Facebook’s Role in Brexit – and the Threat to Democracy,” TED talk, filmed April 2019, TED2019 Conference, 15:16, https://www.ted.com/talks/ carole_cadwalladr_facebook_s_role_in_brexit_and_the_ threat_to_democracy/transcript?language=en.
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Alex Shepard, “Facebook Has a Genocide Problem,” New Republic, March 15, 2018, https://newrepublic.com/article/147486/facebook-genocide-problem; Euan McKirdy, “When Facebook becomes ‘The Beast’: Myanmar Activists Say Social Media Aids Genocide,” CNN, April 6, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/06/asia/myanmar-facebook-social-media-genocide-intl/index.html. Критику участия интернет-гигантов в разжигании ненависти см. в: Mary Ann Franks, The Cult of the Constitution (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019).
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Michael Н. Keller, “The Flourishing Business of Fake YouTube Views,” New York Times, August 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interac-tive/2018/08/n/technology/youtube-fake-view-sellers.html.
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Zeynep Tufekci, “Facebook’s Ad Scandal Isn’t a ‘Fail,’ It’s a Feature,” New York Times, September 23, 2017, https://www.nytimes. com/2 017/09/2 3/opinion/sunday/faceb 00k-ad-scandal.html; Zeynep Tufekci, “YouTube, the Great Radicalizer,” New York Times, March 10, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/o3/1o/opinion/sun-day/youtube-politics-radical.html; Siva Vaidhyanathan, The Goog-lization of Everything {and Why We Should Worry) (Berkeley: University of Cal fornia Press, 2011); Siva Vaidhyanathan, Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).
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Evelyn Douek, “Facebook’s ‘Oversight Board’: Move Fast with Stable Infrastructure and Humility,” North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology 21 (2019): 1-78.
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Frank Pasquale, “Platform Neutrality: Enhancing Freedom of Expression in Spheres of Private Power,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17 (2017): 480, 487. Критику этой ситуации см. в: Olivier Sylvain, “Intermediary Design Duties,” Connecticut Law Review 50 (2018): 203–278; Ari Ezra Waldman, “Durkheim’s Internet: Social and Political Theory in Online Society,” New York University Journal of Law and Liberty 7 (2013): 345,373–379.
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Cm.: Carole Cadwalladr, “How to Bump Holocaust Deniers off Google’s Top Spot?” Guardian, December 17,2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ technology/20i6/dec/17/holocaust-deniers-google-search-top-spot.
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Sydney Schaedel, “Did the Pope Endorse Trump?” FactCheck.org, October 24, 2016, http://www.factcheck.org/2016/1o/did-the-pope-endorse-trump/; Dan Evon, “Spirit Cooking,” Snopes, November 5, 2016, http://www.snopes.com/john-podesta-spirit-cooking/.
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Ian Bogost and Alexis C. Madrigal, “How Facebook Works for Trump,” Atlantic, April 18, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/tech-nology/archive/2020/04/how-facebooks-ad-technology-helps-trump-win/606403/. For YouTube analysis by engineer Guillaume Chaslot, see Paul Lewis, “ ‘Fiction is Outperforming Reality’: How YouTube’s Algorithm Distorts Truth,” Guardian, February 2, 2018, https://www. theguardian. com/technology/2 o18/feb/o2/ how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth.
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Kyle Chayka, “Facebook and Google Make Lies As Pretty As Truth,” Verge, December 6, 2016, http://www.theverge.c0m/2016/12/6/ 13 850230/fake-news-sites-google-search-facebook-instant-articles; Janet Guyon, “In Sri Lanka, Facebook Is Like the Ministry of Truth,” Quartz, April 22, 2018, https://qz.com/1259010/ how-facebook-rumors-led-to-real-life-violence-in-sri-lanka/.
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Eric Lubbers, “There Is No Such Thing as the Denver Guardian, Despite that Facebook Post You Just Saw,” Denver Post, November 5, 2016, http://www.denverp0st.com/2016/11/05/there-is-no-such-thing-as-the-denver-guardian/.
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Brett Molina, “Report: Fake Election News Performed Better Than Real News on Facebook,” USA Today, November 17, 2016, http://www. usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/11/17/report-fake-election-news-performed-better-than-real-news-facebook/94028370/.
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Timothy B. Lee, “The Top 20 Fake News Stories Outperformed Real News at the End of the 2016 Campaign,” Vox, November 16, 2016, https://www.vox.com/new-money/2016/11/16/1365984o/facebook-fake-news-chart.
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Joel Winston, “How the Trump Campaign Built an Identity Database and Used Facebook Ads to Win the Election,” Medium, November 18, 2016, https://medium.com/startup-grind/how-the-trump-campaign-built-an-identity-database-and-used-facebook-ads-to-win-the-election-4ff7d24269ac#.4oaz94q5a.
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Paul Lewis, “ ‘Utterly Horrifying’: Ex-Facebook Insider Says Covert Data Harvesting Was Routine,” Guardian, March 20, 2018, https://www. theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/20/facebook-data-cambridge-analytica-sandy-parakilas; Nicol Perlroth and Sheera Frenkel, “The End for Facebook’s Security Evangelist,” New York Times, March 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/o3/20/technology/ alex-stamos-facebook-security.html.
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Zeynep Tufekci, “Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial,” New York Times, November 15, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html?_r=2.
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