Психология счастья. Новый подход - Соня Любомирски

8. Два прекрасных обзора см. Sheldon, K.M. (2002). The self-concordance model of healthy goal-striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (eds.). Handbook of self-determination theory (pp. 65–86). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Sheldon, K.M., and Elliot, A.J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76: 546–57.

9. Elliot, A.J., and Sheldon, K.M. (1998). Avoidance personal goals and the personality-illness relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1282–99. Elliot, A.J., Sheldon, K.M., and Church, M.A. (1997). Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23: 915–27.

10. Elliot, A.J., and McGregor, H.A. (2001). A 2 _ 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 501–19.

11. Strachman, A., and Gable, S.L. (2006). What you want (and do not want) affects what you see (and do not see): Avoidance social goals and social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1446–58.

12. Именно это происходит при эффекте рикошета, когда мы так стараемся не думать о чем-то или не делать чего-то, что в итоге думаем или делаем именно то, чего хотели избежать. Обзор см. Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101: 34–52.

13. Sheldon and Kasser (1995), op. cit. Emmons, R.A., and King, L.A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54: 1040–48.

14. Cantor and Sanderson (1999), указ. соч.

15. Carstensen, L.L., Isaacowitz, D.M., and Charles, S.T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54: 165–81.

16. Fredrickson, B.L., and Carstensen, L.L. (1990). Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective. Psychology and Aging, 5: 335–47.

17. Sheldon, K.M., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2006b). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: Change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7: 55–86.

18. The instructions for this task are adapted from Kaiser, R.T., and Ozer, D.J. (1997). Emotional stability and goal-related stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 22: 371–79.

19. Kahneman, D., Krueger, A.B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., and Stone, A.A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The Day Reconstruction Method. Science, 306: 1776–80.

20. Csikszentmihalyi et al. (1993), указ. соч.

21. Модификации двух упражнений, предложенных Мартином Селигманом и Трейси Стин.

22. Цитата принадлежит Роберту Питеру Тристраму Коффину.

23. Sheldon, K.M., Kasser, T., Smith, K., and Share, T. (2002). Personal goals and psychological growth: Testing an intervention to enhance goal attainment and personality integration. Journal of Personality, 70: 5–31.

24. Bearman, P.S., and Bruckner, H. (2001). Promising the future: Virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology, 106: 859–912.

25. Greenwald, A.G., Carnot, C.G., Beach, R., and Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 315–18.

26. Norcross, J.C., Mrykalo, M.S., and Blagys, M.D. (2002). Auld Lang Syne: Success predictors, change processes, and self-reported outcomes of New Year’s resolvers and nonresolvers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58: 397–405. See also Brunstein (1993), op. cit.

27. Norcross, J.C., Ratzin, A.C., and Payne, D. (1989). Ringing in the New Year: The change processes and reported outcomes of resolutions. Addictive Behaviors, 14: 205–12.

28. Превосходный обзор см. в учебнике по социальной психологии: Myers, D.G. (2005). Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

29. Sheldon and Houser-Marko (2001), указ. соч.

30. Norcross, J.C., and Vangarelli, D.J. (1989). The resolution solution: Longitudinal examination of New Year’s change attempts. Journal of Substance Abuse, 1: 127–34.

31. Brandtstadter, J., and Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5: 58–67. .32. Heckhausen, J., and Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102: 284–304.

33. Lepper, M.R., Greene, D., and Nisbett, R.E. (1973). Undermining children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the “overjustification” hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28: 129–37.

34. Gollwitzer, P.M. (1999). Implementation intentions. American Psychologist, 54: 493–503.

35. Dube, M., Lapierre, S., Bouffard, L., and Alain, M. (in press). Impact of a personal goals management program on the subjective well-being of young retirees. European Review of Applied Psychology. For a similar study that confirmed these findings, see Green, L.S., Oades, L.G., and Grant, A.M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1: 142–49.

36. Dube et al., указ. соч. Случай миссис M. представлен на с. 17–20.

1. Прекрасный обзор см. Ellison, C.G., and Levin, J.S. (1998). The religion-health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Education and Behavior, 25: 700–20. Another very readable review is Myers (2000), указ. соч.

2. McIntosh, D.N., Silver, R.C., and Wortman, C.B. (1993). Religion’s role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 812–21.

3. Примеры исследований, показывающих, что религия связана с хорошим здоровьем, см. Oman, D., and Reed, D. (1998). Religion and mortality among the community dwelling elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 88: 1469–75. Koenig, H.G., Hays, J.C., George, L.K., Blazer, D.G., Larson, D.B., and Landerman, L.R. (1997). Modeling the cross-sectional relationships between religion, physical health, social support, and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Geriatric Psychology, 5: 131–44. Oxman, T.E., Freeman, D.H., and Manheimer, E.D. (1995). Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57: 5–15. Strawbridge, W.J., Cohen, R.D., Shema, S.J., and Kaplan, G.A. (1997). Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. American Journal of Public Health, 87: 957–61.

4. Oxman et al. (1995), указ. соч.

5. Koenig et al. (1997), указ. соч.

6. Ellison and Levin (1998), указ. соч.

7. Это открытие основано на данных анализа National Opinion Research Center General Social Survey. Myers (2000), указ. соч.

8. Ellison and Levin (1998), указ. соч.

9. Pollner, M. (1989). Divine relations, social relations, and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30: 92–104.

10. Koenig, H.G., George, L.K., and Siegler, I.C. (1988). The use of religion and other emotion-regulating coping strategies among older adults. Gerontologist, 28: 303–10.

11. Quoted in Pargament, K.I., and Mahoney, A. (2002). Spirituality: Discovering and conserving the sacred. In Snyder and Lopez, op. cit., pp. 646–59.

12. Jenkins, R.A., and Pargament, K.I. (1988). Cognitive appraisals in cancer patients. Social Science and Medicine, 26: 625–33.

13. Baumeister, R.F. (1991). Meanings of Life. New York: Guilford.

14. McCullough, M.E., and Worthington, E.L. (1999). Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 67: 1141–64.

15. Vaillant, G.E. (in press). Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith. New York, Broadway Books.

16. Saucier, G. and Skrzypinska, K. (2006). Spiritual but not religious? Evidence for two independent dispositions. Journal of Personality, 74: 1257–92.

17. Pargament, K.I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality?: Yes and no. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9: 3–16.

18. Pargament and Mahoney (2002), указ. соч.

19. Pollner, M. (1989). Divine relations, social relations, and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30: 92–104.

20. Pargament and Mahoney (2002), указ. соч. 344

21. Poloma, M.M., and Gallup, G.H., Jr. (1991). Varieties of Prayer: A Survey Report. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International.

22. Обзор этого исследования см. в Compton, W.C. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and well-being. In An Introduction to Positive Psychology (pp. 196–216). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

23. Freud, S. (1964). The Future of an Illusion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, p. 71. (Original work published in 1928).

24. Например, см. Klonoff, E.A., and Landrine, H. (1996). Belief in the healing power of prayer: Prevalence and health correlates for African-Americans. Western Journal of Black Studies, 20: 207–10.

25. Например, см. Koenig, H.G., Pargament, K.I., and Nielsen, J. (1998). Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults. Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease, 186: 513–21.

26. Glock, C.Y., and Stark, R. (1966). Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism. New York: Harper & Row.

27. Altemeyer, B., and Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2: 113–33.

28. Compton (2004), указ. соч.

29. Blanton, D. (2005, December 1). 12/01/05 FOX poll: Courts driving religion out of public life; Christianity under attack. Retrieved June 26, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,177355,00. html.

30. Hoge, D.R. (1996). Religion in America: The demographics of belief and affiliation. In Shafranske, E.P., (ed.). Religion and the Clinical Practice of Psychology (pp. 21–42). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Johnson, B., Bader, C., Dougherty, K., Froese, P., Stark, R., Mencken, C., and Park, J. (2006, September 11). Losing my religion? No, says Baylor religion survey. Retrieved September 16, 2006, from the World Wide Web:http://www.baylor.edu/pr/news.php?action=story& story=41678.

31. Shapiro, S.L., Schwartz, G.E. R., and Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. In Snyder and Lopez, op. cit., 632–45.

32. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living. New York: Delacorte Press.

33. Многие из исследований, описанных в этом разделе, хорошо описаны в Shapiro et al. (2002), указ. соч.

34. Davidson, R.J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S.F., Urbanowaki, F., Harrington, A., Bonus, K., and Sheridan, J.F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65: 564–70.

35. Smith, W.P., Compton, W.C., and West, W.B. (1995). Meditation as an adjunct to a happiness enhancement program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51: 269–73.

36. См. также исследование, показавшее, что программа обучения трансцедентальной медитации, рассчитанная на 16 недель, привела к нормализации кровяного давления, устойчивости к инсулину и снижению других факторов риска ишемической болезни сердца: Paul-Labrador, M., Polk, D., Dwyer, J.H., Velasquez, I., Nidich, S., Rainforth, M., Schneider, R., and Merz, N.B. (2006). Effects of a randomized controlled trial of transcendental meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166: 1218–24.

37. Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K.A., Pek, J., and Finkel, S. (2007). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through meditation, build consequential personal resources. Manuscript under review.

38. Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A., Moore, K.A., Craighead, E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M.A., Forman, L.M., Appelbaum, M., Doraiswamy, P.M., and Krishnan, K.R. (1999). Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159: 2349–56.

39. Babyak, M.A., Blumenthal, J.A., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Doraiswamy, M., Moore, K., Craighead, W.E., Baldewicz, T.T., and Krishnan, K.R. (2000). Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62: 633–38.

40. Cм. многочисленные источники, в том числе Biddle, S.J. H., Fox, K.R., and Boutcher, S.H. (eds.). (2000). Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being. London: Routledge. Kahn, E.B., Ramsey, L.T., Brownson, R.C., Heath, G.W., Howze, E.H., and Powell, K.E., Stone, E.J., Rajab, M.W., Corso, P., and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (2002). The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22: 73–107. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999, November 17). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Retrieved June 27, 2006, from the World Wide Web:http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/sgr.htm.

41. Motl, R.W., Konopack, J.F., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S. Jerome, G.J., and Marquez, D.X. (2005). Depressive symptoms among older adults: Longterm reduction after a physical activity intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28: 385–94.

42. Thayer, R.E., Newman, J.R., and McClain, T.M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 910–25. Biddle, S.J. H. (2000). Emotion, mood, and physical activity. In Biddle, S.J. H., Fox, K.R., and Boutcher, S.H. (eds.). Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being (pp. 63–87). London: Routledge.

43. Bahrke, M.S., and Morgan, W.P. (1978). Anxiety reduction following exercise and meditation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2: 323–33. Harte, J.L., Eifert, G.H., and Smith, R. (1995). The effects of running and meditation on betaendorphin, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, and cortisol in plasma, and on mood. Biological Psychology, 40: 251–56.

44. Carter-Morris, P., and Faulkner, G. (2003). A football project for service users: The role of football in reducing social exclusion. Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 2: 24–30. (Quote on p. 27.)