Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма
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34 В «Международную конфедерацию европейских производителей сахарной свеклы» (CIBE) входили ассоциации национальных производителей Германии, Австрии, Бельгии, Франции, Венгрии, Италии, Польши и Чехословакии, а ее неофициальными членами были Нидерланды и Швеция. См.: Francois Houillier and Jules Gautier, L’organisation internationale de l’agriculture: Les institutions agricoles internationales et l’action internationale en agriculture (Paris: Libraire technique et economique, 1935), 164.
35 Michael Fakhri, Sugar and the Making of International Trade Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 92–93.
36 Houillier and Gautier, L’organisation internationale, 165.
37 Chalmin, The Making of a Sugar Giant, 151.
38 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 216.
39 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 217.
40 John.T.Flynn, «The New Capitalism,» Collier’s Weekly (March 18, 1933): 12.
41 Clifford L.James, «International Control of Raw Sugar Supplies,» American Economic Review 21, no. 3 (1931): 486–489.
42 De Indische Courant, December 9, 1930.
43 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 217–218.
44 Arthur H.Rosenfeld, «Een en Ander omtrent de Suiker-Industrie in Formosa,» Archief voor de Suikerindustrie in Ned.-Indië 37, no. 2 (1929): 1024–1026, английский перевод сделан по изданию: International Sugar Journal, 31, no. 369 (September 1929).
45 Cheng-Siang Chen, «The Sugar Industry of China,» Geographical Journal 137, no. 1 (1971): 30.
46 De Locomotief, February 12, 1932.
47 См.: Von Graevenitz, «Exogenous Transnationalism»; Anno von Gebhardt, Die Zukunftsentwicklung der Java-Zucker-Industrie unter dem Einfluß der Selbstabschließungstendenzen auf dem Weltmarkt (Berlin: Ebering, 1937), 135; James, «International Control,» 490–491.
48 Gebhardt, Die Zukunftsentwicklung, 56; Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 220.
49 Gail M.Hollander, Raising Cane in the ’Glades: The Global Sugar Trade and the Transformation of Florida (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 116.
50 Pollitt, «The Cuban Sugar Economy,» 15–16.
51 Theodore Friend, «The Philippine Sugar Industry and the Politics of Independence, 1929–1935,» Journal of Asian Studies 22, no. 2 (1963): 190–191.
52 Guy Pierre, «The Frustrated Development of the Haitian Sugar Industry between 1915/ 18 and 1938/39: International Financial and Commercial Rivalries,» in The World Sugar Economy in War and Depression 1914–40, ed. Bill Albert and Adrian Graves (London: Routledge, 1988), 127–128.
53 Soerabaiasch Handelsblad, July 9, 1937, extra edition.
54 Muriel McAvoy, Sugar Baron: Manuel Rionda and the Fortunes of Pre-Castro Cuba (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 203.
55 Von Graevenitz, «Exogenous Transnationalism,» 278–279.
56 Fakhri, Sugar, 120; Kurt Bloch, «Impending Shortages Catch Sugar Consumers Napping,» Far Eastern Survey Far Eastern Survey 8, no. 12 (1939): 141.
57 Eastin Nelson, «The Growth of the Refined Sugar Industry in Mexico,» Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 26, no. 4 (1946): 275; Roger Owen, «The Study of Middle Eastern Industrial History: Notes on the Interrelationship between Factories and Small-Scale Manufacturing with Special References to Lebanese Silk and Egyptian Sugar, 1900–1930,» International Journal of Middle East Studies 16, no. 4 (1984): 480–481.
58 Plinio Mario Nastari, «The Role of Sugar Cane in Brazil’s History and Economy» (PhD diss., Iowa State University, 1983), 77–79; Barbara Nunberg, «Structural Change and State Policy: The Politics of Sugar in Brazil since 1964,» Latin American Research Review 21, no. 2 (1986): 55–56.
59 Peter Post, «Bringing China to Java: The Oei Tiong Ham Concern and Chen Kung-po during the Nanjing Decade,» Journal of Chinese Overseas 15, no. 1 (2019): 45.
60 H.Y.Lin Alfred, «Building and Funding a Warlord Regime: The Experience of Chen Jitang in Guangdong, 1929–1936,» Modern China 28, no. 2 (2002): 200–201; Post, «Bringing China,» 53–55; G.R.Knight, Commodities and Colonialism: The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia, 1880–1942 (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 150, 220.
61 Erika Rappaport, A Thirst for Empire: How Tea Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 234–252.
62 H.D.Watts, «The Location of the Beet-Sugar Industry in England and Wales, 1912–36,» Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 53 (1971): 98–99.
63 Albert, «Sugar and Anglo-Peruvian Trade,» 127; C.J.Robertson, «Cane-Sugar Production in the British Empire,» Economic Geography 6, no. 2 (1930): 135; Michael Moynagh, Brown or White?: A History of the Fiji Sugar Industry, 1873–1973 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1981), 119.
64 Chalmin, The Making of a Sugar Giant, 75; Hermann Kellenbenz, Die Zuckerwirtschaft im Kölner Raum von der Napoleonischen Zeit bis zur Reichsgründung (Cologne: Industrieund Handelskammer, 1966), 92.
65 Darra Goldstein, The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 307.
66 Carl Henry Fe, «Better Must Come: Sugar and Jamaica in the 20th Century,» Social and Economic Studies 33, no. 4 (1984): 5.
67 David Hollett, Passage from India to El Dorado: Guyana and the Great Migration (Madison, WI: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999), 56–63.
11. Пролетариат
1 Sam R.Sweitz, «The Production and Negotiation of Working-Class Space and Place at Central Aguirre, Puerto Rico,» Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 36, no. 1 (2010): 30.
2 Maureen Tayal, «Indian Indentured Labour in Natal, 1890–1911,» Indian Economic&Social History Review 14, no. 4 (1977): 521–522, 526, 544; Duncan Du Bois, «Collusion and Conspiracy in Colonial Natal: A Case Study of Reynolds Bros and Indentured Abuses 1884–1908,» Historia: Amptelike Orgaan 60, no. 1 (2015): 98–102.
3 Bill Albert, «The Labour Force on Peru’s Sugar Plantations 1820–1930,» in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy 1860–1914, ed. Bill Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, England: ISC Press, 1984), 203, 206.
4 Ulbe Bosma and Jonathan Curry-Machado, «Two Islands, One Commodity: Cuba, Java, and the Global Sugar Trade (1790–1930),» New West Indian Guide 86, nos. 3–4 (2012): 253–254. Об Индии см.: Ulbe Bosma, The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 270.
5 Оценка дана на основе предположения, согласно которому объем свекловичного неочищенного сахара, получаемый с гектара в 1920 году, составлял в среднем пять тонн (экстраполяция с объема в четыре тонны, получаемого с гектара в 1890 году), а на каждый гектар требовался по меньшей мере один рабочий. См.: H.Paasche, Zuckerindustrie und Zuckerhandel der Welt (Jena, Germany: G. Fischer, 1891), 43.
5 Ulbe
