Ты не слушаешь. Что мы упускаем, разучившись слушать, и как это исправить - Кейт Мёрфи

Глава 16. Слуховая этика: почему сплетни полезны

276 …две трети разговоров взрослых людей посвящены сплетням – Robin Dunbar, “Gossip in Evolutionary Perspective,” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 2 (2004): 100–110, https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100; Nicholas Emler, “Gossip, Reputation, and Social Adaptation,” in Good Gossip, ed. R. F. Goodman and A. Ben– Ze’ev (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 117–138. Viatcheslav Wlassoff, “This Is Your Brain on Gossip,” PsychCentral, July 11, 2018, https://psychcentral.com/blog/this-is-your-brain-on-gossip/; Freda-Marie Hartung, Constanze Krohn, and Marie Pirschtat. “Better Than Its Reputation? Gossip and the Reasons Why We and Individuals with ‘Dark’ Personalities Talk About Others.” Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019): 1162, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01162.

277 Мужчины сплетничают не меньше, чем женщины – Eyal Eckhaus and Batia Ben-Hador, “Gossip and Gender Differences: A Content Analysis Approach,” Journal of Gender Studies 28, no. 1 (2019): 97–108, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1411789.

278 …дети становятся искусными сплетниками – Jan Engelmann, Esther Herrmann, and Michael Tomasello, “Preschoolers Affect Others’ Reputations Through Prosocial Gossip,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 34, no. 3 (2016): 447–460, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12143.

279 Все мы делаем это… – Marianee Jaeger, Anne A. Skleder, Bruce Rind, and Ralph L. Rosnow, “Gossip, Gossipers, Gossipees,” in Good Gossip, ed. R. F. Goodman and A. Ben–Ze’ev (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994); Jordan Litman and Mark V. Pezzo, “Individual Differences in Attitudes Towards Gossip,” Personality and Individual Differences 38, no. 4 (2005): 963–980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.003; Francis McAndrew, Emily K. Bell, and Contitta Maria Garcia, “Who Do We Tell and Whom Do We Tell On? Gossip as a Strategy for Status Enhancement,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37, no. 7 (2007): 1562–1577, https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1559–1816.2007.00227.x.

280 …позитивные слухи побуждают людей вести себя сходным образом – Elena Martinescu, Onne Janssen, and Bernard A. Nijstad, “Tell Me the Gossip: The Self– Evaluative Function of Receiving Gossip About Others,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 12 (2014): 1668–1680, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214554916.

281 …вы извлечете из этого определенные уроки для себя – Roy Baumeister, Liqing Zhang, and Kathleen D. Vohs, “Gossip as Cultural Learning,” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 2 (2004): 111–121, https://doi.org/10.1037/1089–2680.8.2.111.

282 …с готовностью сплетничали о людях… – Matthew Feinberg, Robb Willer, and Michael Schultz, “Gossip and Ostracism Promote Cooperation in Groups,” Psychological Science 25, no. 3 (2014): 656– 664, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613510184.

283 …не вполне соответствуют действительности – Miguel Fonseca and Kim Peters, “Will Any Gossip Do? Gossip Does Not Need to Be Perfectly Accurate to Promote Trust,” Games and Economic Behavior 107 (2018): 253–281, https://doi.org /10.1016/j.geb.2017.09.015.

284 …являются разновидностью умозрительного обучения – Baumeister et al., “Gossip as Cultural Learning.”

285 …лишь 3–4% из них распространяется с целью очернения других людей – Robin Dunbar, Anna Marriott, and Neil Duncan, “Human Conversational Behavior,” Human Nature 8, no. 3 (1997): 231–246, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02912493.

286 …за обезьянами, ухаживающими друг за другом – Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

287 …могут включать до четырех человек – Robin Dunbar and Daniel Nettle, “Size and Structure of Freely Forming Conversational Groups,” Human Nature 6, no. 1 (1995): 67–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02734136.

288 …часто говорится в экономическом контексте – Frederico Boffa and Stefano Castriota, “The Economics of Gossip and Collective Reputation,” The Oxford Handbook of Gossip and Reputation (2019): 401, https://www.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190494087.013.21; Ronald Burt and Marc Knez, “Trust and Third– Party Gossip,” in Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, eds. Roderick Kramer and Tom Tyler (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,1996), 68–89; Ronald Burt, “Bandwidth and Echo: Trust, Information, and Gossip in Social Networks,” in Networks and Markets: Contributions from Economics and Sociology, eds. A. Casella and J. E. Rauch (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), 30–74; Charlotte De Backer and Michael Gurven, “Whispering Down the Lane: The Economics of Vicarious Information Transfer,” Adaptive Behavior 14, no. 3 (2006): 249– 264, https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230601400303.

289 …теорию социального обмена – Peter Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: Routledge, 2017).

290 …важность восприятия «другого» – Bettina Bergo, “Emmanuel Levinas,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, fall 2017, ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.Stanford.edu/archives/fall2017 /entries/levinas/.

291 …сформировали наши представления о нравственности – Michael Tomasello, A Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). guided only by the lantern Pascal Bruckner, The Temptation of Innocence: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Algora Publishing, 2000), 19.

292 Понятия не имею… – Deborah Solomon, “The Science of Second– Guessing,” New York Times, December 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/ magazine/the–science–of–secondguessing.html.

293 …человеческие сожаления, связанные с отношениями, обычно бывают более острыми – Mike Morrison, Kai Epstude, and Neal J. Roese, “Life Regrets and the Need to Belong,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 6 (2012): 675–681, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611435137.

294 …не можем изменить – Amy Summerville, “The Rush of Regret: A Longitudinal Analysis of Naturalistic Regrets,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2, no. 6 (2011): 627–634, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611405072.

295 Сожаление – второе наиболее распространенное эмоциональное состояние после любви – Susan Shimanoff, “Commonly Named Emotions in Everyday Conversations,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 58, no. 2 (1984): 514, http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1984.58.2.514; Susan Shimanoff, “Expressing Emotions in Words: Verbal Patterns of Interaction,” Journal of Communication 35, no. 3 (1985), http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460–2466.1985.tb02445.x.

Глава 17. Когда нужно перестать слушать

296 …над статьей о фальшивом смехе для The Times – “The Fake Laugh,” New York Times, October 20, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/opinion/sunday/the-science-of-the-fake-laugh.html.

297 Элиот Джордж. Мидлмарч. / Пер. с англ. И. Гуровой, Е. Коротковой. – М.: Эксмо, 2018.

298 …имеют определенные ожидания при разговоре – H. Paul Grice, Studies in the Way of Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); H. Paul Grice, “Logic and Conversation,” in Speech Acts, ed. P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (New York: Academic Press, 1975), 41–58.

299 …правила вежливости и справедливой очередности в разговоре – Geoffrey Leech, Principles of Pragmatics (New York: Routledge, 2016); Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals